Why most people are happier when working

http://www.scotthyoung.com/blog/2010/02/19/why-most-people-are-happier-working-than-in-their-free-time/

Are you happier when you’re working, or when you have time off?

Easy answer right? We work in order to have free time. Everything from basic economics to our deepest intuitions tells us that we must be happiest during our free time.

Turns out we were wrong.

Flow, Flipped Intuitions and A Scientist’s Name You Can’t Pronounce

Mihály Csíkszentmihályi did careful research that discovered that some of our deepest intuitions about work, play and what makes us happy were completely backwards.

He discovered that most people were, in fact, happier at work than at rest. More, he found that people tended to think they were happier in their free time, and would choose to have more free time than work, even though it made them unhappier.

How did Csíkszentmihályi find this?

He did it by having study participants keep pagers (then a new technology) that would go off at random intervals of the day. During those intervals, study participants would not only record what they were doing, but also their emotional state in the current moment.

By adding up this data, he reached the surprising conclusion: people were happier at work, even though they didn’t realize it.

Why You’re Happier at Work

Csíkszentmihályi’s answer to this question was based on the concept of flow. In his research, this is the optimal state of human experience. It is attained when working towards a challenge that perfectly meets our skill level, engaging every mental faculty without overwhelming us.

This state of flow, because it requires both challenge and the application of skill, is more commonly attained at work than during relaxation. As a result, people report higher levels of well-being at work.

Why Free Time Makes Most People Unhappy

Our drives don’t match up perfectly with our reality. We are motivated to relax, but relaxing itself doesn’t create the experience of flow. As a result, we strive to find more free time, even though we tend to use it on passive activities that never allow us to enter flow.

The Solution Isn’t to Become a Workaholic

I don’t believe the solution is simply to work more. Although that may fit within Csíkszentmihályi’s research, I do believe there is a good reason why people avoid work even though they are happier when working.

I believe that reason is commitments. Commitments are often necessary to be accomplished and productive. Without some pressure, either external or internal, it’s likely I never would have built this business, stayed in shape or attended classes.

However, commitments have a psychic toll on us. If you followed the findings I presented above, and turned yourself into a workaholic, you may feel flow more often. Or you may end up a burned-out wreck, one step closer to an asylum.

I’ve experienced this road personally. As I wrote in this article, I made the mistake of confusing the flow-induced happiness of work with adding extra commitments. I survived, but I ended up becoming less accomplished, more stressed and considerably less happy.

Commit to Less, Engage in Mastery More

But Csíkszentmihályi’s research never suggested adding more commitments. His findings simply indicated that people tend to be happier at work because that environment was more conducive to flow.

The solution, I will argue, has nothing to do with working more. Instead, it has to do with designing your free time so that you have more opportunities for flow.

Noncommittal Mastery

Noncommittal mastery is the process of engaging in intense learning and skill-building environments. Ones where the challenge of the activity and your skill are always in equilibrium. However, you engage in those elements without any outside pressure and little internal pressure.

I’ve been using this approach for some time now, and recently I’ve been trying to apply it more deliberately. I recently wrote here about how the noncommittal path to mastery is how I’m pursuing bodyweight fitness. I’ve also been using it to improve my cooking, bicycling, graphic design, computer programming and reading.

In my experience, I’ve found noncommittal mastery tends to achieve less and more slowly than intense commitments. That is, my business projects tend to progress faster and more consistently than my bodyweight fitness training, because I have added pressure.

But, when you’re designing your free time, accomplishment isn’t the point–flow is. And if, by pursuing noncommittal mastery, I get to have more interesting flow experiences without adding new stress, I’ve succeeded.

How to Create Mastery as a Side Dish

Another way to explain noncommittal mastery is mastery as a side dish. Instead of the main course (your biggest focus in life) it is an addition that can be equally enjoyable without becoming an obligation.

I’ve experimented with two ways to incorporate side-mastery into my life. One, which I’ve found usually fails. And a second which works much better.

The mistaken way to add mastery into your life is to create more pressure to do it. When you tell yourself you “should” start cooking more elaborate meals, learn to write fiction or read difficult books.

Unfortunately the “should” method tends to turn the otherwise fun activity into a mild commitment. Instead of being free time it starts to feel a bit like work. The psychic toll of pursuing the activity goes up and your desire to pursue it freely goes down. This is not the way.

A better, but less obvious, way to integrate more side dishes of mastery into your life is to reduce the barriers to play. Instead of creating pressure, you reduce all the obstacles that make you less likely to pursue noncommittal mastery and more likely to waste time in passive activities that leave you less happy.

Removing the Obstacles to Enjoyment

One way you can remove obstacles is to integrate the mastery-seeking activity into your current routine.

Bodyweight training was an easy integration for me because I’d already established the habit of going to the gym several times per week. Cooking became easier to pursue once I got the right tools and ingredients. I’ve written before that biking is facilitated by my current city.

Another way you can remove obstacles is to get past the frustration barrier. By taking an introductory course in yoga, dance or French cuisine, you can get to the part where applying the skill is actually fun.

Or simply make the mastery-seeking activity more available. One way I’ve been able to read more books per year? Always have books to read on my desk. Always having one or two good books in the to-read pile ensures I always have the chance to practice.

Why Following this Advice Means Rejecting Your Intuitions

My proposed solutions of noncommittal mastery and removing obstacles are just my experiences. You can discount them as anecdote if you disagree with me, just as you can discount most of my rants and opinions in this blog.

However, Csíkszentmihályi’s research isn’t opinion. It isn’t anecdote. It’s scientific research that has a more surprising conclusion than I would ever attempt to thrust upon you: that most people are less happy in their free time.

To all the people that reject the concept of active leisure, and believe the happiest life is the passive, relaxed one, I ask you to question your intuitions. Because the research says otherwise.

Perhaps, like I did, you’ll discover it isn’t the activity you want to avoid but the commitment. And you may find that the most enjoyable moments of life aren’t the easiest or least exerting, but those completely engaged in play.

Meeeh....I find this study to be screwed up a bit.

It doesn't take in the social exceptions and engagements of a persons livelihood. I can assure you....I was very much happier when I wasn't working. Work was nothing but a basket full of stress. The boss was always unfair, the people were always slacking thus making you fall behind thus making boss be more unfair and the hours were dreadful!

Work or Free Time is largely dependent on one's own social engagements. If you are surrounded by good motivational people that lift you up and inspire you. You will have a great time no matter what the work commitment is....or the play. If the people around you cause a great amount of stress and bring you down....you won't have much fun at all.

But That's just me. Everyone responds differently. To me Commitment is just Par for the Course...it depends on who I have to suffer with while performing said commitment.

There are several things I don't follow with this piece.

1. What those people were experiencing, in my eyes wasn't "happiness". They were in the moment and feeling flow, sure, but if you ask most of them about the rest of their day-to-day lives, I doubt it would reflect anything in conjunction with how they felt at work. This is because it's not the flow but rather a sense of purpose that is responsible for promoting happiness. And we can feel just as happy with ourselves in our free time as long as we feel we are valuable as a person regardless.

2. The suggestions for reducing obstacles/barriers given here don't actually have anything to do with where the obstacles come from. I can have all the resources in the world but if I don't feel a personally driven calling to make something happen, it doesn't even matter. On the flip side, we can have or use very little in terms of knowledge and resources and thrive quite well when we feel a personal calling to make something happen.

Case in point, it is freedom of self expression and curiosity used to explore and make a mark in our world that gives people actual happiness, otherwise, it's momentary distraction by repetition from what could very easily be an otherwise miserable existence.

I'm happy enough to be playing videogames and reading. And I'm happy when work comes 'round, because that means I'll be able to have even more free time in the rest of the day, because I'll be able to say I worked, so I can relax and play.

If I had no need for money, I wouldn't work at all. Every day would be only fun and games and books.

I'm familiar with that study - one of my profs in teaching college was Thomas Götz of the University of Constance. One of his main focuses in research is the topic of 'boredom'. The optimal flow theory fits in nicely here - as boredom seems to be more or less the opposite of it. Much like negative emotions, boredom (and it's still up for debate whether boredom constitutes an emotion or not) is generally perceived as nagging and being a negative factor when it comes to motivation.

Being bored happens often when you're not working - however, it also happens a lot during the day. Götz conducted a study in which people were given modified handhelds. At random intervals within the day, the test subjects were prompted by the handheld to answer whether they were bored or not at that particular moment. The results were quite interesting - people are bored all the time, even during work and sometimes without even consciously taking note of it.

'Optimal flow' is often described as being 'in the zone' - when you do something with full focus, reaching a state that I'd describe as almost meditative. This state is both an indicator and a cause for positive emotions and a factor for intrinsic motivation. During phases of boredom, this state is rarely achieved, which could be a factor (but only one of many) as to why people judge themselves to be less 'happy' when they're not working.

'Happiness', however, is very hard to quantify - so these studies should always be taken with a grain of salt.

Perhaps activity would have been a better word then work, as contrasted with doing nothing, as yea most all people have to do paid employment which constitutes their interpretation of 'work', and therefore its associated baggage!!! I dont think its what the author meant, but have no had a hard look at the study?

I agree people are happier being active, and moreso if they can decide what that activity is. People seem to vary in their ideal mental versus physical balance seemingly. I think we all need a bit of both, and exploring that balance from time to time is also probably healthy. I tend to be happy going nearly full mental or full physical. I'm not much into blending the two easily and have to force it, but I used to listen to language training audio whenever I had a few hours of manual labor to do (thanks iPod) to try and achieve some balance - which I found made me twice as happy as doing either alone
:pinch:
Is that resultant happiness perhaps a measure of spirit!?

Work keeps my mind busy and the interaction with people is stimulating. If I did not work I would have to live on less money, find stimulating volunteer work and adventitious activities but I don't want to live on less income. AND I like what I do, I help do people, go on great vacations and have challenges without long grinding hours. Work requires some structure in my day without which I may stray toward the lazy inactive lifestyle?

Brain is a muscle and as such, it wants to be used. We need mental activity, to give our minds a sense of purpose. I've often found more tiring a day with little work to do than a really busy day, giving your head something to do is right what it wants